Chinese-Indonesian businessman James Riady on the right reportedly has links to the CIA, Chinese intelligence, Bill Clinton and others.
In 2010, Lord James of Blackheath (David James.) said that: "The total value of the Vatican bank reserves (of gold) would claim to be more than (what we have been told is) the entire value of gold ever mined in the history of the world."
In other words, there may be a lot more gold, hidden for example in Rothschild and Vatican vaults, than we thought. If that is made public, the price of gold will come down fast. (GOLD PRICE TO FALL?)
On 19 February 2012, Lord James of Blackheath's produced revelations concerning reports of 15 trillion dollars (reportedly backed by 750,000 tonnes of gold), originating with a Mr Riyadi, transferred to various banks.
The world is only supposed to have 1,507 tonnes of gold.
Mr Riyadi reportedly claims that he has been robbed.
"First, there may have been a massive piece of money-laundering committed by a major Government who should know better. Effectively, it undermined the integrity of a British bank, the Royal Bank of Scotland, in doing so.
"The second possibility is that a major American department has an agency which has gone rogue on it because it has been wound up and has created a structure out of which it is seeking to get at least €50 billion as a pay-off.
"The third possibility is that this is an extraordinarily elaborate fraud, which has not been carried out, but which has been prepared to provide a threat to one Government or more if they do not make a pay-off...
"In April and May 2009, the situation started ... A total of $15 trillion is alleged to have been passed into the hands of HSBC for onward transit to the Royal Bank of Scotland.
"It starts off apparently as the property of Yohannes Riyadi, who has some claims to be considered the richest man in the world.
"I have seen some accounts of his showing that he owns $36 trillion in a bank...
"A lot of that money has been taken away from him, with his consent, by the American Treasury over the years for the specific purpose of helping to support the dollar.
"Mr Riyadi has sent me a remarkable document dated February 2006 in which the American Government have called him to a meeting with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York...
"This astonishing document purports to have been a meeting, which was witnessed by Mr Alan Greenspan... by Mr Timothy Geithner...
"These gentlemen have signed as witnesses to the effect that this deal is a proper deal...
"Under the contract, the American Treasury has apparently got the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to offer to buy out the bonds issued to Mr Riyadi to replace the cash which has been taken from him over the previous 10 years.
"It is giving him $500 million as a cash payment to buy out worthless bonds...
"Mr Riyadi, by passing these bonds over, has also put at the disposal of the US Treasury the entire asset backing which he was alleged to have for the $15 trillion."
Riadi was supposed to have had "750,000 tonnes of gold."
"I have a letter from Mr Riyadi himself, who tells me .... that he has been robbed of all his money...
"Each of the $5 trillion payments that came in has been acknowledged and receipted by senior executives at HSBC and again receipted by senior executives at the Royal Bank of Scotland...
"The money was first said to have come from the Riyadi account to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and from there it was passed to JP Morgan Chase in New York for onward transit to London..."
According to Lord Sassoon, only 1,507 tonnes of gold has been mined in the history of the world, so you cannot have 750,000 tonnes.
"Today, I have this quite frightening piece of paper ... from the general audit office of the Federal Reserve in Washington - the real Federal Reserve-and its audit...
"It has on it some 20 banks listed to which $16.115 trillion is outstanding in loans...
"Barclays Bank has $868 billion of loan, and the Royal Bank of Scotland has $541 billion..."
(This money could earn huge amounts of interest)
"One has to ask a question, because they could have earned back in three weeks their entire indebtedness and could pay off the taxpayers of Britain. Why have they not done so...
"Most extraordinarily, not a penny of interest does the Federal Bank of New York want paid on that vast amount, $16 trillion...
"The compound interest on that sum is huge. If it is genuine, a vast profit is being made on this money somewhere...
"Either we have a huge amount of tax uncollected on profits made or we have a vast amount of money festering away in the European banking system which is not real money, in which case we need to take it back. I ask for an investigation and for noble Lords to support my plea."
~~
The Riady family who control the Lippo Group as well as the Mayapada Group, and have still shares in the Salim Group's Bank Central Asia, have numerous business connections with the Suharto family and the family of one of Suharto's daughter's in-laws, namely the Djojohadikusumo family. [asia-apec 209] Re: Lippo-Clinton connections
This means a promise to cap 'structural deficits' at 0.5 per cent of GDP, with fines of 0.1 per cent for nations that breach the limit.
The UK and the Czech Republic did not sign up to the treaty, but, David Cameron dropped his objection to the European Court of Justice taking control over such agreements.
Italy
Hugh Cuthbert believes that it is 'more than likely' that the end is now in sight.
He says: "We think measures such as the recently announced long-term refinancing option (LTRO) are what the market is looking for but in disguise.
"Banks have been given almost unlimited access to money at a cost of 1 per cent, they are then mandated to go out and buy sovereign debt.
"It is not just the ECB that is directly buying the sovereign debt, the banks are too. (This sees) banks cured and sovereign debt has a safety net put under it.
"I think the market has missed a trick there and that makes me positive about the future."
France
"In London, the FTSE 100 Index advanced 34 points to 5704.9 as traders were also hopeful Greece would receive its next tranche of its bailout funds later this week.
"The Chinese have plied the greedy and gullible American public with temptingly low-cost goods and supplied the cheap finance which has lured the US government close to fiscal ruin."
- Barry Riley
"The US is the largest debtor in the history of the world."
"This was an example of the changing nature of conflict," said Paul Bracken, a professor and expert in private equity at the Yale School of Management.
In February 2010, Wayne Madsen reported that "the Obama administration authorized the anti-Toyota campaign as a warning shot to Japan over its reformist government’s insistence that the U.S. pull its military troops out of Okinawa." (Obama waging economic warfare on several fronts, including Japan)
"It would seem only logical... for a puppet president to order covert attacks upon foreign competitors. GM (government motors) has now pulled ahead of Toyota...
"BP has fallen from its formerly unassailable status as world's top oil company and may be subject to "hostile takeover."
"The fact that the Deepwater Horizon explosion has been blamed on faulty sealing work on the seabed drill hole done by Halliburton (Cheney's company) should set-off alarm bells.
"It is worth recalling here that Halliburton was at the center of another international/environmental catastrophe, the Kuwaiti "cross-drilling" operation that ignited the 'Gulf War' and the resultant hundreds of oil well firings."
Was BP sabotaged?
We will see more economic warfare.
We have just seen the fast growing economies of Tunisia, Egypt and Libya wrecked by the CIA's Arab Spring.
Think of a French bank holding Greek government bonds which are suddenly worth only half of what they were before.
And it may not just be Greek bonds.
And it it is not just French banks that may suffer..
According to the Global Research article:
There is the possibility of a decline of 30% in the US dollar in 2012.
The United Kingdom could be absorbed into Euroland by 2020.
Scotland may break with England.
A global and US recession could involve falling tax revenues and further drops in home values.
US private debt is far worse than in Greece.
Europe has takes steps to reduce expenditures and debts.
But the US continues increasing debt.
"We have entered a phase involving the decimation of Western banks...
"Customers of all financial operators - banks, insurance companies, investment funds, pension funds - are now questioning the soundness of these institutions.
Greece has raised taxes and reduced government spending.
This has caused the Greek economy to slow down and tax revenues to decline.
100,000 businesses have closed.
A third of the population is living in poverty.
The following are signs that the European financial system is heading for an implosion of historic proportions.
1 When you reduce government spending you also slow down the economy.
2 As the economy slows down in Europe, unemployment will rise.
3 Germany, and the other wealthy nations of northern Europe, are sick and tired of bailouts and do not plan to hand over trillions of euros.
4 The European Central Bank could print trillions of euros, but this would go against existing treaties and most of the major politicians in Europe are strongly against this right now.
When the CIA hits the economies of such countries as Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, India, Russia, Indonesia, or China, the global economy suffers.
5 Europe is rapidly running out of time.
6 Germany has kept the focus exclusively on fiscal deficits.
This crisis was not caused by fiscal deficits (except in the case of Greece).
Spain and Ireland were in surplus, and Italy had a primary surplus.
7 There are dozens of European banks in danger of failing.
Nobody wants to 'throw any more money into those black holes'.
We could start to see banks fail in rapid succession.
Charles Wyplosz, a professor of international economics at Geneva’s Graduate Institute, says:
"Banks will collapse, including possibly a number of French banks that are very exposed to Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain."
8 According to financial journalist Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, European banks need to reduce the amount of lending on their books by about 7 trillion dollars in order to get down to safe levels.
9 European banks are overloaded with worthless assets that have a book value of trillions of euros.
10 Either the Germans will have to allow the ECB (European Central Bank) to print money out of thin air to buy bonds with, or, "we will finally see the market determine the true value of European government bonds."
11 Huge amounts of European sovereign debt are scheduled to be 'rolled over' next year (Money is due to be paid back to lenders; so new money must be borrowed.).
The poor cannot afford to shop in Walmart
12 Once the new treaty is ratified, eurozone governments will lose the power to dramatically increase government spending.
The coming recession could become a full-blown depression.
13 Credit rating agencies are warning that more credit downgrades may be coming in Europe.
14 S&P has put 15 members of the eurozone (including Germany) on review for a possible credit downgrade.
15The stock prices of many major European banks are in the process of collapsing.
16 Bank 'runs' have been reported in certain parts of Europe.
At the start of 2010, savings and time deposits held by private households in Greece totalled €237.7 billion.
By the end of 2011, they had fallen by €49 billion.
Savings fell by a further €5.4 billion in September and by an estimated €8.5 billion in October.
17 Economic activity is slowing down.
In October, Japanese machinery orders dropped 6.9%, following an 8.2% drop in September.
South Africa has recently reported a 5.6% drop in manufacturing activity.
Britain recorded a 0.7% decline.
China’s October exports fell 1.7% after dropping 3.8% in September.
Korea’s exports are down three consecutive months. Singapore’s were off in September and October. Indonesia’s plunged 8.5% in October after slipping 2% in September. India’s dropped 18.3% after being flat in September.
"Brutal austerity + toxic levels of government debt + rising bond yields + a lack of confidence in the financial system + banks that are massively overleveraged + a massive credit crunch = A financial implosion of historic proportions."
Over the period 1927-2011, $1.00 invested in equities grew 29 times greater than $1.00 invested in government bonds.
(However, equities massively underperformed bonds from late 1929 to mid-1932 and their cumulative return didn’t overtake bonds again until 1950. Stocks have also cumulatively underperformed bonds since 2000.)
The gold price is now well below $1,900 an ounce. ($1,715 an ounce)
Investors have looked at Japan.
Japan has had many years of high debt, low interest rates, and deflation.
Shares tend to do best when inflation is low.
But, shares MAY be a better hedge against inflation than government bonds.
Investors in shares hope for a recovery by 2013.
American companies profit margins "on some measures were even higher in 2011 than they were before the credit crunch; the last time they were so high was in the 1960s."
"Why did gold and silver stocks just get hammered, at a time when commodities are considered a safe haven against widespread global uncertainty?
"The answer, according to Bill Murphy’s newsletter LeMetropoleCafe.com, is that the sector has been the target of massive short selling...
"A bear raid is the practice of targeting a stock or other asset for take-down, either for quick profits or for corporate takeover...
"When Lehman Brothers went bankrupt in September 2008, some analysts thought the investment firm’s condition was no worse than its competitors’.
"What brought it down was not undercapitalization but a massive bear raid on 9-11 of that year, when its stock price dropped by 41% in a single day...
"When done on a large enough scale, short selling can force prices down, allowing assets to be picked up very cheaply.
"Another Great Depression is the short seller’s dream, as a trader recently admitted on a BBC interview.
"His candor was unusual, but his attitude is characteristic of a business that is all about making money, regardless of the damage done to real companies contributing real goods and services to the economy..."
C. Dr. Webster G. Tarpley, at Global Research, 3 October 2011, has written:
1.The US and UK are carrying out economic warfare against the Eurozone.
2. The problems of the Eurozone are being axaggerated.
3. The aim is to divert attention away from the problems of the USA and UK.
4. "London and New York are exporting their own derivatives depression into the EU, using credit default swaps, corrupt credit ratings agencies, and their entire panoply of financial dirty tricks."
5. The USA and UK want to be able to buy up assets in the Eurozone at bargain-basement prices.
6. The Anglo Americans want to destroy the Euro.
"The dollar is now so weak and unstable that it can only survive through the downfall of all the alternative currencies."
7. "If the speculation persists, certain forms of capital controls and exchange controls would be in order."
8.What Europe Must Do
A. Liquidate Zombie Banks; End Too Big to Fail.
About a dozen of the top European money center banks are clearly insolvent.
They must be subjected to bankruptcy proceedings, and their derivatives wiped out.
B. 1% Euro-Tobin on All Financial Transactions.
A 1% Euro-Tobin will serve to subdue speculation in general, and particularly to bridle the activities of the hedge funds.
C. Universal Cancellation/Freeze of Derivative Debts.
D. The most dangerous kinds of derivatives need to be permanently prohibited.
E. Raid the Ratings Agencies — Reports have surfaced in the United States that credit ratings agencies have engaged in insider trading by giving speculators advance notice of their attacks on US Treasury bonds.
F. Debt Moratoria Now for Crisis Economies.
Countries, like Greece, Portugal, and Ireland need to declare an immediate, unilateral, and total debt moratorium on all international financial debt.
G. Europeanize The European Central Bank.
The ECB must be taken permanently out of the control of secret cliques of unelected and unaccountable bankers and subjected to the democratic control of representative political institutions.
H. €1 Trillion For Infrastructure.
I. 40 Million New Productive Jobs for Full Employment.
J. End Afghanistan, Libya, Kosovo, and Other Military Meddling.
Foster a development community of sovereign states which would embrace Europe, Russia, Africa, the Middle East, and other parts of the world.
1. Deloitte reckons that the rich elite will have over $100 trillion within the next ten years.
2. The richest 1% of the US population have more wealth than 90% of the population combined.
3. According to an investment manager (an analysis):
"Most of the serious economic damage the US is struggling with today was done by the top 0.1% and they benefited greatly from it….
"For example, in Q1 of 2011, America’s top corporations reported 31% profit growth and a 31% reduction in taxes, the latter due to profit outsourcing to low tax rate countries….
"The year 2010 was a record year for compensation on Wall Street, while corporate CEO compensation rose by over 30%.…
"In 2010 a dozen major companies, including GE, Verizon, Boeing, Wells Fargo, and Fed Ex paid US tax rates between -0.7% and -9.2%.
"Production, employment, profits, and taxes have all been outsourced….
"A highly complex and largely discrete set of laws and exemptions from laws has been put in place by those in the uppermost reaches of the US financial system.
"It allows them to protect and increase their wealth and significantly affect the US political and legislative processes...
"The American dream of striking it rich is merely a well-marketed fantasy that keeps the bottom 99.5% hoping for better and prevents social and political instability.
"The odds of getting into that top 0.5% are very slim and the door is kept firmly shut by those within it."
4. Here are some of the rich elite:
Former Goldman Sachs CEO and Bush Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson.
Current Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein.
Goldman’s President Gary Cohn.
Citigroup CEO Vikram Pandit.
JP Morgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon.
H. Edward Hanway, former chief executive of Cigna (Health Insurance)
Ron Williams of Aetna Inc. (Health Insurance)
There are also the bosses of the companies involved with oil and war.
5. In 1995, the richest 400 Americans paid 30% of their income in taxes.
1,470 Americans earned over $1 million in 2009 and didn’t pay any taxes.
6. Che Guevara said:
"The amount of poverty and suffering required for the emergence of a Rockefeller, and the amount of depravity that the accumulation of a fortune of such magnitude entails, are left out of the picture, and it is not always possible to make the people in general see this."
We have a Neo-Feudal-Fascist state.
The global economic top one-tenth of one percent, are genocidal fascists carrying out a holocaust.
Fascism has evolved.
There is no need to get blood on your hands while rounding up people and putting them into concentration camps when you can do it through economic policy while sitting in a jacuzzi on a corporate jet, or in a three-piece custom-made Armani, completely detached and insulated from the world in which you plunder.
1. The current economic situation is like the 1930s.
Governments are under pressure to cut spending.
At the same time the economic recovery is weak.
2. Keynes taught that governments should spend more and create jobs when the economy is weak.
With governments now reducing budget deficits, the global economy may be pushed into a double-dip.
3. Europe's nations have a lot of debt.
Europe's debt-ridden nations have to raise almost 2 trillion euros ($2.4 trillion) within the next three years to refinance their debt, according to Bank of America Corp.
"When the financial markets started losing confidence in the credibility of sovereign debt, Greece and the euro have taken centre stage, but the effects are liable to be felt worldwide."
"Hedge funds profited by selling short the collapsing market in 2008, and chief among them was George Soros' hedge fund.
"Soros may have personally had the motivation, method, and opportunity to trigger the crash." (Cached)
"Soros made hundreds of millions betting against the Greek economy and helped it crash."
There are growing trade deficits in the USA and in parts of Europe.
China is booming; the USA and UK are not.
There is growing debt, both government debt and personal debt, in the USA and parts of Europe.
Interest rates are being kept low in the USA and UK. Monetery policy is loose. It is still too easy for certain people to borrow money.
The financial sector in the USA and UK has not shrunk.
The Bank of International Settlements, based in Basel, points out in its recent report that none of the problems that led to the financial crisis has been resolved.
On 27 June 2011 Tony Cartalucci wrote about the Corporate Locusts,the big global companies that are hoping to take over Egypt, Tunisia and other such countries.
Cartalucci reports:
"The very corporations that funded the think-tanks and media organizations that crafted and sold the entirely engineered 'Arab Spring' hoax to the world, have finally swarmed into Egypt to settle in and strip its lands clean."
US Senator John McCain recently led a delegation to Egypt and Tunisia.
"Traveling with McCain was a collection of corporate parasites from General Electric, Boeing, Coca-Cola, Bechtel, ExxonMobil, Marriot, and Dow who surveyed Cairo like conquering despots."
George Soros has been funding the drafting a of a new constitution for Egypt.
"The end game in Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Libya, Thailand, Myanmar, and eventually China and Russia (is) to form a homogeneous, centrally controlled, one world government where megalomaniacs arbitrarily contrive the rules by which the rest of humanity is made to live."
"Boycotting and replacing entirely these corporations that are now parading around Egypt's Cairo must be foremost on our agenda."
1. In a 2005 report, analysts at Citigroup reported that the World is dividing into two blocs - (1)the rich elite and (2) the rest.
2. The rich elite have homes in places such as Mumbai, Moscow, Hong Kong, and New York.
3. Factors that have helped create certain billionaires include:
1. The revolution in information technology.
2. The liberalization of global trade.
3. Financial deregulation.
4. Tax cuts for the super-rich.
5. Insider privatization.
6. Monopolies given to certain individuals (eg rent-seeking in regulated industries in India and Mexico.)
4. In India and China, between 1820 and 1950, per capita income was basically flat.
Between 1950 and 1973, it increased by 68 percent.
Between 1973 and 2002, it grew by 245 percent.
China's and India's super-elite have grown richer.
5. Worldwide, executive pay has skyrocketed.
Hege fund manager John Paulson profited almost as much from the crisis of 2008 as Goldman Sachs did.
Meanwhile, the vast majority of U.S. workers have missed out.
Between 2002 and 2007, 65 percent of all income growth in the United States went to the top 1 percent of the population.
6. Mohamed El-Erian has an Egyptian father and French mother.
Mohamed El-Erian is the CEO of Pimco, the world’s largest bond manager, which is based in the USA but owned by Germany's Allianz SE.
Stephen Jennings is a New Zealander.
He co-founded the investment bank Renaissance Capital which has its roots are in Moscow.
In 2009 Jennings said: "The largest metals group in the world is Indian. The largest aluminum group in the world is Russian … The fastest-growing and largest banks in China, Russia, and Nigeria are all domestic."
7. A top man at one of the world’s largest hedge funds said that if changes in the world economy lift a large number of people in China and India into the middle class and and a smaller number of people in America out of the middle class, that's not such a bad trade.
A Taiwanese-born executive of a U.S. Internet company says the American middle class demands a higher paycheck than the rest of the world. He suggests that middle class Americans maybe "need to decide to take a pay cut."
Michael Splinter, CEO of the Silicon Valley green-tech firm Applied Materials, said that if he was starting from scratch, only 20 percent of his workforce would be Americans.
Thomas Wilson, CEO of Allstate, has said: "I can get (workers) anywhere in the world. It is a problem for America, but it is not necessarily a problem for American business."
8. The Russian tycoon Mikhail Khodorkovsky has admitted that he had "treated business exclusively as a game" and "did not care much about social responsibility."
9. "The lesson of history is that, in the long run, super-elites have two ways to survive: by suppressing dissent or by sharing their wealth."
Douglas Bruce explains that "over the past few decades, the top earners in banking and other sectors have been increasing their share of a finite cake...
"Going back a generation or two... it was still possible for a middle-class father to support a family of four, but it now takes two earners to maintain most families, and that at a lower standard of living..."
1.2 billion people in the world live on less than $1 per day.
Nearly 3 billion people live on less than $2 a day.
The richest 2% of adults in the world own more than half of global household wealth.
The richest 1% of adults own around 40% of global assets.
The richest 10% of adults own around for 85% of the global assets.
The bottom half of the world adult population own around 1% of global wealth.
The top 6,000 people in the world own 40% of the world’s assets.
The top 600,000 people in the world control 85% of the world’s wealth.
The bottom 3.4 billion own 1% of world wealth.
Zbigniew Brzezinski explains that increased literacy means greater political awareness, increased use of TV means greater awareness of global disparities, and greater use of the Internet means more instant communications.
Brzezinski sees an increase in anti-Americanism and anti-globalization.
"From the point of view of the global oligarchy, the only method of imposing order and control ...is through the organized chaos of economic crises, war, and the rapid expansion and institutionalization of a global scientific dictatorship."
In January 2010, a report by the UK government's National Equality Panel pointed out that the gulf between rich and poor in the UK grew wider under Tony Blair's Labour Party than at any time since the Second World War.
According to the economists Howell and Diallo (2007), neoliberal policies have contributed to a US economy in which 30% of workers earn "low wages", and 35% of the labour force is "underemployed".(Neoliberalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
According to John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006), "The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration." (Neoliberalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
Jews helped run the Moslem Ottoman Empire.
Who has gained from the policies of our rotten leaders?
"Jews played a central role in American finance during the 1980s, and they were among the chief beneficiaries of that decade's corporate mergers and reorganizations.
"Today, though barely 2% of the nation's population is Jewish, close to half its billionaires are Jews." (NEOCON FINANCIERS / BANKERS)
The use by feudal rulers of Jewish financiers has a long history.
In the Middle Ages in Europe, many kings depended upon Jews as financiers.
"1922: King Abdulla Ibn Hussein of Transjordan sits under the watchful eyes of his Jewish bodyguards, Habanni Yemenite brothers Sayeed, Salaah, and Saadia Sofer." (mochajuden.com/?tag=ruth)
Jews also played a major role in the medieval Muslim world.
Some people believe that Masonic Jewish bankers pull the strings.
In his book, "Under the Sign of the Scorpion" (2002), the Estonian Juri Lina says about 150 million people died as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution, subsidized by the Masonic Jewish banking cartel. "The West pretended to oppose the Bolsheviks but in fact defended them."(savethemales.ca - USSR - Experiment Was "Social ...)
Jewish folks have been important in Latin America.
1. According to Norman Gash, in 1789 France was the largest, wealthiest, and most powerful state in Western Europe.
In 2010, the USA is said to be the most powerful state in the world.
2. Norman Gash asks: What reason was there for revolution in France in 1789?
Gash relates that, according to Napoleon, there was revolution because the middle class wanted more power for themselves and less power for the aristocrats.
It could be argued that, in the USA, the middle classes are getting restless. They see a corrupt elite enjoying too many privileges.
Louis XVI
3. Gash points out that in France, in 1789, "the climate of opinion was rational, liberal, and optimistic, the monarchy not averse to reform, the aristocracy itself permeated by ideas of the Enlightenment."
Why then was there a bloody revolution?
Gash explains that the 'system' appeared to make reform difficult.
Edmund Burke said that "a state without the means of some change is without the means of its own conservation."
In the USA in 2010, the constitution appears not to be protecting the USA from disaster.
America's institutions seem incapable of preventing wars, discontent and hunger.
Bastille
4. Gash points out that the French revolution was a long sequence of events, stretching from 1789 until 1799.
There was "an extraordinary series of political improvisations:
constitutional monarchy,
republicanism,
single-party rule,
dictatorship of the proletariat,
oligarchy,
and finally military despotism."
If there are to be dramatic changes in the USA, the end result might be military despotism under an American Napoleon.
Napoleon was a fascist.
He attempted the total military domination of continental Europe.
He tried to have a New World Order, or as Gash writes "a new international order".
Napoleon
5. According to Gash, the French Revolution, Napoleon's Empire and the 1815 Congress of Vienna "foreshadowed the Europe of the future."
That means both good things and bad things.
Americans seeking revolution should study Europe's history.
6. Gash implies that bloody revolution was not necessary to bring about change in Europe.
Gash writes:
Even if the French Revolution had not taken place, "common sense suggests that the main lines of European evolution would have been much the same, though perhaps the pace might have been slower."
Gash lists the products of European society which would have come about either by gradual evolution or by fast and bloody revolution:
A. Liberalism based on representative institutions.
B. Nationalism based on linguistic unity.
C. The rise of the sovereign state.
D. The centralization of administrative power at the expense of provincial.
E. The increasing responsibility of government for the welfare of its subjects. F. The ability to mobilize a whole society for war.
G. military defeats in consequence giving rise to revolution and revolution to tyranny.
H. International conflicts followed by international institutions to preserve harmony.
America is changing. The changes will be a mixture of good and bad. The changes will happen, even without a revolution.
French Empire 1811
7. According to Gash, the French Revolution helped to shape European society in two notable ways.
A. Force was used to bring about change. "Liberalism and reform marched behind French bayonets."
The ideas of liberalism and reform had many of their origins in England.
B. The awakening of nationalism.
Gash writes that: "ideas that march behind bayonets are rarely popular; reform at the hands of a conqueror earns little gratitude. French rule brought not only enlightenment but hardship."
It was not long before there were nationalistic revolts against the French.
In Germany, later in the century, "Bismarck exploited the German national feeling first evoked by Napoleon I."
Any attempt by an American dictator to bring about a New World Order would result in nationalist revolts.
Chinese-Indonesian businessman James Riady on the right reportedly has links to the CIA, Chinese intelligence, Bill Clinton and others.
